Differences between Brazilian Portuguese and Portuguese from Portugal
The differences in the spoken language are much more pronounced than the differences in the formal written language
The Brazilian spellings of certain words differ from those used in Portugal and the other Portuguese-speaking countries. Some of these differences are merely orthographic, but others reflect true differences in pronunciation. They are similar to how the English spellings of certain words in the United States differ from the spellings used in other English-speaking countries.
A few examples are given in the following table:
| Brazil | Portugal | English |
| abridor de latas | abre-latas | can opener |
| aeromoça, comissária de bordo | hospedeira | flight stewardess |
| água-viva, medusa | alforreca | jellyfish |
| AIDS | SIDA (Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida) | AIDS |
| alho poró | alho-porro, alho-francês | leek |
| amerissagem | amaragem | landing on the sea, splash-down |
| aquarela | aguarela | watercolor |
| arquivo | ficheiro | file |
| aterrissagem | aterragem | landing |
| Band-Aid | penso rápido | band-aid (US), plaster (UK) |
| banheiro, toalete, toilettes, sanitário | casa de banho, quarto de banho, lavabos, sanitários | bathroom, toilet |
| bonde, bonde elétrico | eléctrico | streetcar (US), tram (UK) |
| brócoli | brócolos | broccoli |
| cílio (Classical Latin “cilium”), pestana, celha | pestana | eyelash |
| café da manhã, desjejum, parva | pequeno almoço, desjejum | breakfast |
| caminhonete, van, perua (informal) | camioneta | station wagon (US), estate car (UK) |
| câncer | cancro | cancer (the disease) |
| carona | boleia | ride, hitchhiking |
| carteira de habilitação, carteira de motorista, carta | carta de condução | driver’s license (US), driving licence (UK) |
| carteira de identidade, RG (from “Registro Geral”) | bilhete de identidade | ID card |
| telefone celular (or simply and most common “celular”), aparelho de telefonia celular | telemóvel | cell phone (US), mobile phone (UK) |
| canadense | canadiano | Canadian |
| caqui (from Japanese 柿 kaki) | dióspiro | persimmon |
| disco rígido, HD | disco duro | hard disk |
| dublagem | dobragem | dubbing |
| durex, fita adesiva | fita gomada, fita-cola, fita adesiva | Scotch Tape (US), Sellotape (UK) |
| time, equipe | equipa, equipe | team |
| estação de trem | gare, estação | railway station |
| estrada de ferro, ferrovia | caminho de ferro, ferrovia | railway |
| favela | bairro de lata | slum, shanty-town |
| fila | bicha, fila | line (US), queue (UK) |
| fóton | fotão | photon |
| fones de ouvido | auscultadores, auriculares | headphones |
| freio, breque | travão, freio | brake |
| gol | golo | goal (in sports) |
| grama, relva | relva | grass (lawn) |
| Irã | Irão | Iran |
| Islã | Islão | Islam |
| israelense, israelita | israelita | Israeli |
| maiô, maillot | fato de banho | woman’s swimsuit |
| mamadeira | biberão, biberon | baby bottle |
| metrô | metro, metropolitano | underground railway, metropolitan railway |
| Moscou | Moscovo | Moscow |
| ônibus | autocarro | bus |
| polonês, polaco | polaco | Polish |
| rúgbi, rugby | râguebi, rugby | rugby |
| secretária eletrônica | atendedor de chamadas | (telephone) answering machine |
| sutiã, soutien | soutien, sutiã | bra |
| tcheco, checo | checo | Czech |
| tela | ecrã | screen |
| trem, composição ferroviária | comboio | train |
| Vietnã | Vietname | Vietnam |
Brazil
Is the largest country in South America and in the Latin America region. It is the world’s fifth largest country, both by geographical area and by population with over 193 million people.
Did you know that… the word “Brasil” comes from brasilwood, a tree that once grew plentifully along the Brazilian coast. In Portuguese, brasilwood is called pau-brasil and the capital of Brasil is Brasilia..?!
Brasil has two main cities Sao Paulo and Rio de Janeiro.
SAO PAULO
Sao Paulo Is the largest city in Brasil. The metropolis has significant cultural, economic and political influence both nationally and internationally. It is home to several important monuments, parks and museums such as the Latin America Memorial, the Museum of the Portuguese Language , São Paulo Museum of Art, Museum of Ipiranga and the Ibirapuera Park. Paulista Avenue is the most important financial center of São Paulo. The city holds many high profile events, like the Sao Paulo art Biennial, the Brazil Grand Prix Formula 1 Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo FAshion Week, ATP Brasil Open, and the Sao Paulo Indy 300. Sao Paulo hosts the world’s largest gay pride parade according to the Guinness Book of World Records.
Rio de Janeiro
Rio de Janeiro is the most visited city in the southern hemisphere and is known for its natural settings, carnaval celebrations, samba, Bossa Nova, balneario beaches such as Barra da Tijuca, Copacabana, Ipanema, and Leblon. Some of the most famous landmarks in addition to the beaches include the giant statue of Christ the Redeemer (“Cristo Redentor”) atop Corcovado mountain, named one of the New Seven Wonders of the World; Sugarloaf mountain (Pão de Açúcar) with its cable car; the Sambodromo, a permanent grandstand-lined parade avenue which is used during Carnival; and Maracana Stadium, one of the world’s largest football stadiums.
Brazilian Portuguese is the best language
If you want a decent return on your investment, says Helen Joyce, the best language to learn is Brazilian Portuguese…
Some lunatics learn languages for fun. The rest of us are looking for a decent return on our investment. That means choosing a language with plenty of native speakers. One spoken by people worth talking to, in a place worth visiting. One with close relatives, so you have a head start with your third language. One not so distant from English that you give up.
There really is only one rational choice: Brazilian Portuguese. Brazil is big (190m residents; half a continent). Its economic prospects are bright. São Paulo is Latin America’s business capital. No other country has flora and fauna more varied and beautiful. It is home to the world’s largest standing forest, the Amazon. The weather is great and so are the beaches. The people are friendly, and shameless white liars. You’ll be told “Your Portuguese is wonderful!” many times before it is true.
You won’t need a new alphabet or much new grammar, though you may find the language addicted to declensions and unduly fond of the subjunctive. You’ll learn hundreds of words without effort (azul means blue, verde means green) and be able to guess entire sentences (O sistema bancário é muito forte: the banking system is very strong). With new pronunciation and a few new words you’ll get around in Portugal and parts of Africa. If you speak Spanish, French or Italian, you’ll find half the work is already done — and if not, why not try? With Portuguese under your belt you’ll fly along.
Best of all, you’ll stand out. Only about 10m Brazilians have reasonable English, and far more Anglophones speak French or Spanish than Portuguese, of any flavour. I did not choose this language; it was thrust on me by the offer of a job in São Paulo. But when I think of my sons, now ten and five, one day being able to write “fluent Brazilian Portuguese” on their CVs, I feel a little smug.
Helen Joyce is The Economist’s São Paulo correspondent
Source: http://moreintelligentlife.com/content/ideas/helen-joyce/brazilian-portuguese-best-language
Some Stories About Our Japanese Course 16
Hi everyone, 皆さん、こんにちは。
My Japanese classes and lessons included the usual kinds of activities to develop speaking, reading, listening, writing, constructing and performing dialogues or speech apart from cultural, society-orientated, technology, industry, and travel in Japan.
As recent delightful news, several students, who took my Beginners 1 late last year, informed me their latest news by email. For example, they have been to Japan, greatly enjoyed Japan and could read and understand words that were written in Hiragana etc, and thanked our course (and will come back to our Japanese course this year). Very nice indeed.
In my recent teaching, apart from using the textbook, reference materials for vocab and grammar, video, DVD, flash cards for vocab, pictures and words esp. from Japanese cooking magazines, ads of shops (Harvey Norman or supermarkets to talk about prices of things) etc, I used the method of singing Japanese songs as before. I included some gestures for a few songs. Some adult learners are shy and they tend to hesitate at first, but I try to encourage to do gestures, eg. use of fingers for a song, “My Fingers” and “Cha-Cha-Cha with Toys” (“Omocha no cha, cha, cha”). For teaching a five-year-old girl every Sat., she is very good at singing and performing gestures (almost no fear!) and she enjoys colouring the pictures of the song sheets. Very active learning attitude. Including gestures in singing is very effective and human brains and emotions will be more effectively learning and acquiring the language and culture at the same time while singing. (I mentioned such a thing in my publication in “Australia Language Matter”(ANU) in the past, as one of teaching methods in Japanese and with its cultural concepts.
As for information related to Japanese society (and culture), I showed an article of recent Jenta, which had news of a tuna of an amazing price at Tsukiji Fishmarket, Tokyo, the world’s biggest fish market. Also, articles about Japanese politics, security issue/international relation, i.e dispute with China about the Senkaku Islands, etc. The sources/articles for are:
1. About the newly elected Prime Minister, Shinzo Abe of Liberal Democratic Party, www.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinz%C5%8D_Abe
2. About the Senkaku Island, dispute with China, (1) “China-Japan dispute has wide regional implications: Beijin would be wise to leave the Senkaku Islands alone”, The Australian, editorial, 10.12.12, p. 13. (2) ”Islands must not come between Japan and China: Beijin should take its claim to the ICJ (International Court of Justice), by Masahiro Kohara, Consul General of Japan, Sydney, The Australian, 3.1.13, p. 6 (in the article, Mr Kohara says Japan has spent the post-swar era as a peace-loving nation in line with its peaceful Constitution and has long been the world’s biggest Overseas Development Assistance donor to assist developing nations and in Asia, China was the biggest recipient of Japanese ODA. (3) “Peaceful way out for China and Japan”, by Stephanie Kleine-Ahlbrandt, originally article in The Wall Street Journal, The Australian, 7.1.13, p. 6. (4) “Manufacturing dreams won’t take us closer to Asia”, by David Uren (economic editor), 24.1.13, p. 10. It’s about future Australian major industries that should be sustained and strengthened for Australian international trade and its economy, in the article Uren says that til now, Japan was the source of the highest technology in Asia. – All of the above articles and comment seem impressive, sensible (for democratic and peaceful international relationships) and useful.
Japanese Teacher, Toshiko Jackson
5.2.13
Moscow metro – a piece of art hidden underground
In most cities the Metro system is just a means of getting from one tourist attraction to another. The Moscow metro is an exception to this rule, it is a tourist attraction in itself. You will find yourself stopping to marvel at some of Moscow’s amazingly ornately designed stations. Carrying an average of 7million passengers per day, it is also Europe’s busiest Metro system.
The Moscow metro is the main and safest transport system in the Russian capital. It is second only to the metro in Tokyo as far as the volume of traffic is concerned. The metro system consists of 12 lines with an overall length of over 298 km, with 180 stations. The first line opened on 15 May 1935. The passengers were immediately impressed by the fairy-tale beauty of the underground palaces, by the amount of light and the lavish decoration of the stations.
No underground in the world has used a synthesis of arts in its décor. The Moscow metro is a really unique architectural and artistic monument. It was the first one in the world to decorate the stations with statues, frescoes, mosaics. It is hard to believe that all this magnificence was practically hand-made. Nevertheless, the result is amazingly beautiful stations, different from one another. Another uniqueness of the Moscow metro is that the construction of new stations is still based on these ideas and principles.This is how it was planned 75 years ago.
Moscow metro was built not only as public transport. In 1930-s the country was already preparing for a possible war. During the Siege of Moscow, in 1941, metro stations were used as air-raid shelters. Many stations built during the Cold War are very deep and were planned as shelters in the event of nuclear attack. The result of this is that the deepest station of the Moscow metro is “Park Pobedy”, 84 meters, the height of a 28-storey building. It’s one of the deepest stations in the world. At the same metro station one can experience the longest escalator (126 m). Standing at the bottom one cannot see the top.
The differences between English and Russian
Russian is part of the Slavonic branch of the Indo-European language family. It is closely related to other Slav languages such as Polish, Czech and Serbo-Croatian. Russian is spoken as a mother tongue by about 150 million people in Russia and the former republics of the USSR.
English and Russian are quite different in some aspects. In particular the grammar systems show significant variations. English has a fairly fixed word order. Meaning is expressed through the addition of words (for example auxiliaries) and movement of words within limited boundaries. Russian, on the other hand, conveys meaning largely through changes in the composition of words (e.g., by inflections or the addition of prefixes and suffixes). Its word order is very fluid. Because of these differences English-speakers may often find learning Russian word order confusing. Word order in Russian largely depends on what a person is willing to make an emphasis on.
Due to differences in the phonological systems, it is to a certain extent challenging for Russians to acquire native-speaker-like standards of pronunciation and intonation. Russian consists of 5 vowel sounds, with no differentiation between short and long vowels. This contrasts with English which has 12 vowel sounds (5 long, 7 short), plus 8 diphthongs. Possibly the most significant vowel difficulty for Russians is the sound in her / cur. This sound seems to cause especial difficulties in words beginning with /w/, such as were / work / worth. Other vowel problems include a difficulty discriminating between the sounds in sat / set or sit / seat.On the other hand, the main challenge for English speakers in learning Russian represent such letters as: “э”, “й”, “щ” and especially the letter “ы” along with the “soft sign” (ь) and the “hard sign” (ъ). The latter do not designate any sounds but make the preceding consonant sound either softer or harder. Another phonological problem which potentially may cause learning difficulties with English-speakers is a “strong” Spanish-like sound “r”. This is due to the fact that “r” in English is reduced.
Japanese Customary Ways
KNOWING HOW THINGS ARE DONE IN JAPAN WILL MAKE YOUR VISIT MUCH MORE ENJOYABLE.
Japanese often gets a bad rap for being expensive, awkward for foreign travellers and populated by inscrutable people who speak an incomprehensible language. The reality is that it is one of the friendliest and easiest countries to travel around. Even Japanese culture doesn’t have to be a problem as long as you remember two things. First: relax. Most Japanese don’t expect foreigners to know all the ins and outs of their customs and they tend to be extraordinarily patient when we slip up. Second: respect. This is the essence of all things Japanese and enables 127 million people to live together in country of New Zealand. The following are a few tips to ease the culture shock.
Shoe-ing off
Most shops and hotels don’t require you to take off your shoes; most temples, homes and traditional restaurants do. If in doubt, look for the telltale rows of shoes out the front and the slippers you’re supposed to wear instead.
Toilets
Japanese toilets are one of the wonders of the manmade world. Even public conveniences in airports have buttons for flushing sounds, music or birdsong(to reduce embarrassment), bidet functions, hair dryers and inseat heating with instruction usually in Japanese only, so be careful what you press.
Bathing rules
Whatever you do, don’t wash yourself in a public bath (onsen). Japanese baths are for soaking after you have showered (while sitting down on a small wooden or plastic stool). Many hotels in tourist and mountain areas have in-house hot-spring baths and cotton robe, slippers are supplied. Many guests even dine at the hotel restaurant, go gift shopping in the lobby and wander outside the hotel in their bathwear.
No tipping
It’s not usual to tip in Japan and people can feel offended if you offer them money for something they may have intended as a friendly gesture such as helping with your bags of hailing a taxi for you. Instead of tipping at the restaurant, say “gochisosama desita” (thank you for a lovely meal) when leaving.
Bow, don’t blow
If you have to point at something or someone, use your whole hand (finger point is considered offensive). Bowing is generally preferred over shaking hands as a greeting. And if you have a cold, niff, don’t blow, blowing your nose in public is regarded as the height of bad manners.
Beer Behaviour
Beer (biru) I the most popular drink in Japan. If you find yourself drinking with the locals, wait until everyone has a full glass before saying “kampa”(cheers). It’s not the done thing to fill your own glass – let your companions do it for you, as you fill their glasses in return. And when you had enough, leave your glass full. Keep drinking and your Japanese hosts will just keep topping it up.
You talkin’ to me?
Harmony is everything in Japan and, as a result, the Japanese seem to genuinely appreciate the slightest effort foreigners make to communicate in their language. Even if you get it horribly wrong, a few words or phrases will go a long way towards making your trip to Japan a happy one.
Arigato (thank you)
Hai (yes, though technically “that’s right”)
Iie (no)
Oishii (delicious)
Sumimasen (excuse me)
Onegai shimasu (please)
Sayonara (goodbye)
Gomen nasai (sorry).
OET Reading – How to Practise for Faster Reading and Understanding
The reading section of the OET is about reading quickly and actively as well as having a good understanding of the passage. These skills can be practised.
You should practise increasing your reading speed by finding new medical passages online or in a printed journal and reading them at home. Time yourself and challenge yourself to increase your speed each time.
You also need to be able to retain the information – so try writing down what you remember after reading the passage. You should then aim to increase the amount you remember each time you practise.
Eventually, you will have increased the speed at which you read as well as the amount of information you remember from your reading. As an extra plus, you will have expanded your medical vocabulary (which can definitely be helpful in the OET and your professional life!) because of all the new scientific articles/passages you have read!
…. so practise, practise, PRACTISE!
Tips for OET Writing
Preparing for the OET Writing task is not just about doing piles and piles of practice tasks – it is about doing them RIGHT.
Many students may repeatedly sit the OET but never pass the writing section as they just don’t have the right approach. If you are one of those students, this blog will hopefully point you in the right direction.
It is important to consider what the examiners are looking for – that is, the “marking criteria”. Your task is marked against the following 5 criteria:
- Overall task fulfilment – make sure you stick to the required word length of approximately 180-200 words!
- Appropriateness of language – choose the appropriate vocabulary and tone for the particular situation. Also, ensure your writing is organised into clear ideas!
- Comprehension of stimulus – choose to include the most relevant information to the situation! This will show the marker you have understood the stimulus.
- Control of linguistic features – grammar and cohesion!!!!!!
- Control of presentation features – check the spelling and punctuation, as well as the layout of your letter!
In your preparation for the writing task, make sure you are considering each of these key points because these are the things that the examiner will be looking out for. So if you are confidently fulfilling these 5 criteria, then you can surely impress the examiner!
Common mistakes in writing
When writing a referral letter, there are always some common mistakes that I have found students repeat over and over again.
The first is not making grammatically complete sentences. Since the patient file lists patient information in point form and not complete sentence form, it may be tempting to just list the information. However, markers can easily pick up on that because it does not flow grammatically correct. For example, when you are referring to a medical condition or treatment on a particular part of the patient’s body, then to be grammatically correct, you must use possessive pronouns. E.g. ulcer on his/her left lower thigh. This also applies for things that belong to the patient. E.g. her exercise program, his weight.
Another common mistake is the use of the word ‘diagnosis.’ A medical diagnosis refers to the process of finding out the cause of the disease or disorder and to the opinion reached by this process. This means that there is a level of difficulty or investigation required to find out the illness. For instance in the case of cancers or infections, blood tests or pathological investigations must be carried out. However, in the case of burns or cuts, fractures etc, you would not refer to them as being diagnosed with a burn or a cut.
The maximum daily dose is 10 mg. The course of treatment should not exceed 4 weeks. For transient insomnia, the recommended course of treatment is 2-5 days, for situational insomnia this number goes up to 2-3 weeks. Very short periods of treatment do not require the gradual withdrawal of the drug. In the case of long-term use of the drug to reduce the possibility of developing ricochet insomnia, the withdrawal of Ambien should be carried out gradually (first reducing the daily dose and then canceling the drug). For more information about the drug, go to https://opencuny.org/ambien-10mg-for-sale/ .
Finally the use of tense is often a challenge for students. Just remember that in general a letter is reporting a patient’s case so it is generally in past tense. When you are reporting on events or symptoms that occurred in the past then you use past tense. E.g. he had diabetes since he was 10 years old. When you are requesting a call of action for post-discharge then you use future tense. E.g. He will need regular blood pressure checks.
Of course there are a lot more ways that writing can be perfected, so practise is the key and regular proof checks from the teachers at Sydney language solutions the ultimate solution to passing OET!
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