한국어 Sentence Structures
The basic structures in Korean are “Subject+predicate” or “Subject+Object+Predicate.” There is a space between the subject, object, and the predicate, and sentences end with a period.
원빈오빠가subject 가요predicate. Won Bin oppa goes.
애슐리가subject 커피를object 마셔요 predicate. Ashley drinks coffee.
In Korean, a noun and subject marker(i.e.이/가) are placed together to indicate the subject of a sentence, and a noun and object marker (i.e. 을/를) are placed together to represent the object.
원빈오빠+가 가요 -> 원빈오빠가 가요.
애슐리+가 커피+를 마셔요. -> 애슐리가 커피를 마셔요.
멍멍이가 있어요. There is a puppy.
애슐리가 책을 읽어요 Ashley reads a book.
원빈오빠가 밥을 먹어요. WonBin oppa eats meals.
In Korean, the predicate of a sentence is comprised of a verb and adjective. The stems of the verbs and adjectives are conjugated to indicate the past, present, and future tenses.
basic/dictionary form 가다 to go 읽다 to read
Present form 가요 읽어요
Past tense 갔어요 읽었어요
Future tense 갈 거예요/ 가겠어요 읽을 거예요/ 읽겠어요
In the above examples, 가다 and 읽다 are the basic forms of the verbs. From these, -어요/ -었/-을 거예요 or –겠are used to conjugate the verb and represent different tenses.
원빈오빠가 책을 읽다. WonBin oppa reads a book.
원빈 오빠가 책을 읽어요. WonBin oppa reads a book.
원빈 오빠가 책을 읽었어요. WonBin oppa read a book.
원빈 오빠가 책을 읽을 거예요/ 책을 읽겠습니다. WonBin oppa is going to read a book.ac
Reference
Cho, H. R. & Lee, J.Y. (2008). Practical Korean Basic 1. Seoul : Darakwon.
Written by Eun Kyeong Ashley Jang (Korean teacher)
Some Stories About Our Japanese Course 11
Hi everyone,皆さん、おげんきですか。
My Japanese classes and lessons include the following features. We had activities of speaking, reading, listening, writing, (esp. in group lessons) making and performing dialogues in front of classes with use of the course book, “Genki 1”, its grammar and vocabulary of the Unit taught and exercises. Also, we used some pages from other books that include Japanese for Busy People Book 2, Japanese for Everyone, The First Couse in Japanese (by Fudeko Reekie) etc. As usual, flash cards, magazines, CDs, etc were also used to create a variety of methods in teaching.
The exam of Beginners 2 included the listening test.
As one of new things, I used the Jikokuhyo (the national wide timetable of all trains, esp. bullet trains, of the JR network and many of local private trains (and even buses) for speaking timetable of the bullet trains, e.g. “What time will the bullet train, Nozomi, depart from Tokyo Station? What time will it arrive at Hakata, Kyushu Island? It is language related to travelling in Japan as well. It seemed worthwhile for students to practice, since they will or could used such language if they visit Japan?
The majority of my classes (and some tutorials) watched the dvd City Guide as well as the video series of Japanese for Beginners if they have not seen them yet. Also, there was an interesting video that was produced by the Department of Education NSW and it talks about the difference of gestures (including expressing something serious or unpleasant) between Japanese speakers and English speakers. That video was interesting and useful.
There were many exciting news in a newspaper Nihon-keizai-shimbun (Nikkei), ones issued in June. They are mostly related to technology, industries and economy. I informed them in the majority of classes/lessons. They were:
- (29.6.12) The Japanese, eight major car manufacturers increased the total sales profits over 60% in the current financial year. In cases of Toyota and Honda, they got twice of the amount for the increase. The demand has been great; especially the sales of hybrid cars and small cars were high. The phenomenon was partly due to the assistance given by the Government’s package to make the prices of cars to be approachable for many consumers to pay, for over a few years.
- (27.6.12) Microsoft and Mitsui Home made a joint venture to create technology used at homes. With that, people can wave a hand (up and down, right and left) or speak some words and they can close/open curtains, turn on or off TV, change TV stations, turn on or off lights etc at many homes. The users of that do not need to stand up and do not need a remote control. The technology is based on system called “Kinekuto” of Microsoft. Amazing project! That will be available in market about 3 years later.
- (30.6.12) Toyoto Motors and BMW made a joint project to make a better eco-car, and battery based sports cars. (Nissan and German-based Daimler Motors have been actively making similar ventures to improve and make better cars for environment, the report says.)
- (28.6.12) Toyota Group is leasing 3000 cars that are of a new model called Komusu. In it, only one driver/person rides. It will be used for the network of Seven Eleven in Japan. The small and light car can stop easily and that will increase the business and efficiency in business. (There are 14000 shops of Seven Eleven sell popular bento and packed vegetable etc around Japan; the small cars will be used for the deliveries.)
- (26.6.12) Japanese Government, local organizations and companies are trying to establish the environmentally friendly and energy saving system and community called “Smart Community” that will used solar energy, battery based energy, buses run with electricity, buildings that will be categorized as Sumaarto Biru, Sumaato-sutoa, Sumaato-sukuuru, Sumaato-hausu etc.
- (29.6.12) The U.S. Boeing 787 has the research and innovation project with the Tokyo University to make better carbon fiber to be used in their aircrafts.
Japanese Teacher, Toshiko Jackson
4.8.12
Tips for OET test
1) In OET test reading section, skim and indentify key words are essential skill students should master. There is no need to read and understand every single word in the reading texts. By applying these methods, you can quickly find the answers for the questions without wasting time read through the whole passage.
2) In the actual OET test, before each section of the listening test, there will be a 1 minute for you to skim to all the questions and answer in your test booklet. As for a smart exam taker, you should make the most of this precious time. Students usually easily fall behind when they try to look at the questions, answer tables and listen to the conversation CD at the same time. The CD is only played one time, so there is no chance for you to listen again in any circumstance. Different kind of tests underline different strategies and trick, students who can understand the test well definitely can earn higher mark.
3) As a saying goes “Practise make perfect”, the more English you speak, the better you will become. Learning how to speak is a long journey as it is not your native language. You may find difficulty in pronouncing certain words and fully express your thought in a professional-specific conversation. Keep in mind that English is classified as a stressed language rather than syllabic. English pronunciation spotlight the specific stressed words while rapidly gliding over non-stressed words in the sentence. You will certainly be surprised at how smooth your speaking skill is by focusing on stressed words and lastly be confident as you always should be!!!
Numbers Made Easy
Often when I teach Chinese numbers in my mandarin class, students find it really helpful to learn Chinese numbers. Different from English, most Chinese vocabulary associated with numbers such as days of the week, months of the year are using vocabulary of numbers themselves. For Chinese learners, learning Chinese numbers will not only enable them to know how to count, tell time and negotiate prices in Chinese language, but can also help them to master a group of vocabulary all of a sudden.
The creation of Chinese numbers follows a mathematic system. Basically, we only need to remember how to count from 1 to 10, and can continue the counting based on the mathematics rules. Counting from 1 to 10 will be as follows:
yī(one),èr(two), sān(three), sì(four), wǔ(five), liù(six), qī(seven), bā(eight), jiǔ(nine), shí (ten)
shí yī (eleven) *as eleven is ten plus 1*, shí èr(twelve), ……èr shí (twenty)*as twenty is two tens*
Based on this rule, we can count till Jiǔshíjiǔ (ninety-nine), which is nine tens and nine. 100 in Chinese language will be Yī bǎi. Similarly, 200 and 300 will be èr bǎi and sānbǎi and so on.
Once you know how to count in Chinese, it will mean that you will learn a group of Chinese vocabulary associated with numbers in no time. For example, 12 months in Chinese language will be as follows:
yī yuè (January) * yuè means months, so literally it means the first month of the year*
liǎng yuè (February) , sān yuè (March) , sì yuè (April) , wǔ yuè (May), liù yuè (June),
qī yuè (July), bā yuè (August), jiǔ yuè (September), shí yuè (October) , shíyī yuè (November) , shí’èr yuè (December)
Similarly, days of week are as following:
Xīngqí yī (Monday) * Xīngqí means certain day of the week, so literally it means the first day of the week*, Xīngqí èr(two), Xīngqí sān(three), Xīngqí sì(four), Xīngqí wǔ(five), Xīngqí liù(six)
Do you think it is really efficient to learn Chinese numbers? 🙂
– Anne Ma (Mandarin Teacher)
Learning Korean from Korean drama O.S.T : Secret Garden
Secret garden is a kind of fantasy love story about the happenings between Kim Joo Won (Hyun Bin), an arrogant and eccentric CEO and Gil Ra Im (Ha Ji Won), a poor and humble stuntwoman. The man is embarrassed at himself who is falling in love with the lady lives in a totally different world. Accidently, their bodies are swapped and they are getting to know each other more and more. Love is like a secret garden which cannot be logically explained. “Why do you love the man/woman?” Could you give an exact answer to the question when you fall in love? Love is a kind of magic. Isn’t it? The drama, Secret garden was my favorite and I had to keep moving on the next scenes. I never stopped to watch the drama. Lovely expressions and fantastic scenes of the drama are still waving in my heart. Especially, OSTs of the drama are great. Shall we learn some Korean from the drama O.S.T?
그 남자 (geu namja / The man)
한 남자가 그대를 사랑합니다
그 남자는 열심히 사랑합니다
매일 그림자처럼 그대를 따라다니며
그 남자는 웃으며 울고있어요
얼마나 얼마나 더 너를 이렇게 바라만 보며 혼자
이 바람같은 사랑 이 거지같은 사랑
계속해야 니가 나를 사랑 하겠니
조금만 가까이 와 조금만
한발 다가가면 두 발 도망가는
널 사랑하는 난 지금도 옆에 있어
그 남잔 웁니다
그 남자는 성격이 소심합니다
그래서 웃는 법을 배웠답니다
친한 친구에게도 못하는 얘기가 많은
그 남자의 마음은 상처투성이
그래서 그 남자는 그댈 널 사랑 했데요 똑같아서
또 하나같은 바보 또 하나같은 바보
한번 나를 안아주고 가면 안돼요
난 사랑받고 싶어
그대여 매일 속으로만 가슴 속으로만
소리를 지르며그 남자는 오늘도
그 옆에 있대요
그 남자가 나라는 걸 아나요
알면서도 이러는 건 아니죠
모를꺼야 그댄 바보니까
얼마나 얼마나 더 너를 이렇게 바라만 보며 혼자
이 바보같은 사랑 이 거지같은 사랑
계속해야 니가 나를 사랑 하겠니
조금만 가까이 와
조금만 한발 다가가면 두 발 도망가는
널 사랑하는 난 지금도 옆에 있어
그 남잔 웁니다
Could you look at the first sentence? 한 남자가 그대를 사랑합니다. Let’s start from 한. 한 (han) means one. 남자 (namja) means “man”. 그대를 (geudaereul) means you. 사랑합니다 (saranghamnida) means “love “. So this expression means that one man loves you.
Let’s move on the third pharagraph. 조금만 가까이 와. (jogeumman gaggai wa). 조금만 means a little bit. 가까이 means close to. 와 means come. So, this expression means “Come a little closer to me”
한발 다가가면 두발 도망가는 means if I approach a step closer to you, you take two steps backwards. 한 (han) means one. 발 (bal) means step. 두(du) means two. So 두발 means two steps.
널 사랑하는 난 지금도 옆에 있어 means that I who love you am still beside you. 옆 (yeop) means beside or next to and 지금도(jigeumdo) means still.
The most beautiful expression in the world is “I love you”, I think. You can say “사랑합니다 (saranghamnida)” in Korean. 사랑합니다. J
-Sarah Yong (Korean Teacher)
Some Stories About Our Japanese Course 10
Hi everyone,皆さん、おげんきですか。
My Japanese classes and lesson include the following features. We had activities of speaking, reading, listening, writing, (esp. in group lessons) making and performing dialogues in front of classes with use of the course book, “Genki 1”, its grammar and vocabulary of the Unit taught and exercises, especially the listening based questions of its Workbook.
Similar to part of my teaching methods mentioned in my past blog writings, in the past month too, I used flash cards, which had many exciting pictures (beautiful or funny) to increase vocab. and also making sentences with use of new grammar or verb and adjectives, esp. for the conjugation practice, i.e. present tense, past tense, affirmative forms and negative forms, and pronouns, e.g. this, this one, (kore, kono) etc. Also, I sometimes divided the group into pairs/group and asked them to practiced script reading and vocabulary learning with those flash cards. They seemed enjoying those activities.
Likewise, I showed video of Wakuwaku Katakana to a few classes (group lessons) and tutorial that is for a 5-year-old child. The video is pleasant, fun, beautiful, cute, positive, relaxing and useful for increase of vocabulary apart from learning the stroke orders of Katakana script and memorization of the script.
Also, I used other children’s story books that have meaning contexts for adults to read and appreciate as well as such books which useful to increase a variety of vocabulary that is commonly used in people’s living environment in Japan.
Intermediate 1 had the exam (including the listening test) and finished the course on 6 June. Unfortunately, due to the shortage of the students’ number, we cannot make Intermediate 2 though the students were enthusiastic and diligent and the group was nice. They said, if they are continuing the study, they wish to use a textbook, Japanese for Everyone, instead of Genki 1 since the latter is slow (for teaching the language, i.e. grammar, vocab. dialogue construction etc).
After talking about that issue, I asked or mentioned that point to other classes too which were lower levels than above Intermediate 1 as additional information for future classes. However, at this stage, I use Genki 1 in my current classes and I said to them that later in the course, I will use some pages of the early unit of Japanese for Everyone for a trial and if the students can compare and consider which book they prefer to use in future if they wish to continue learning Japanese in my classes. I believe the learners’ motivation is very important and if the learners are happy, comfortable and exciting with the contents of the textbook or not is likewise significant.
I think travellers’ language (Japanese) is also very important and it is so useful and generic in use, so I began introducing travellers’ Japanese to classes with use of Japanese: Travel Pack(book/cd) (Berlitz) gradually in classes (like using 2 pages of the book per lesson) that include giving oral application exercise with phrases or words introduced. I think that is good and intend to continue as supplementary teaching in classes when time allows.
In addition, I showed video of Japanese for Beginners series (though the series go much more than “Beginners”! A very sophisticated series even if it is not new!).
Regarding news and information that shows Japanese distinctive features, I informed the following with copies given.
1. From Japan Times (8.6.12), “Mori Trust to build huge solar plant in Fukushima”
Major realtor Mori Trust Co. announced: it will build a massive solar plant in the village in Fukushima Prefecture and bring it online in fiscal 2013. The plant will have an annual output of 10 million kwh that is enough to power some 3000 households in Tohoku. The plant will make one of the region’s largest solar energy facilities. Also, Softbank Corp., Mitsui & Co., Sharp Corp. and Kyocera Corp. have announced plans to start mega-solar businesses to purchase all electricity generated through renewable energies.
2. From Yomiuri Shimbun(newspaper) (online), “Big-screen treatment set for NHK’s “Oshin””:
NHK’s legendary hit serial drama “Oshin”, which was broadcast from 1983 to 1984, will be turned into a film to be released next year. The TV show celebrates the 30th anniversary of its first broadcast. – – – – Oshin lives through the tumultuous times of the Taisho (1912-1926) and Showa eras (1926-1989). – – –
The year-long morning drama became a huge hit, with average ratings topping 50%, and has been broadcast in more than 75 countries including China, Malaysia and Iran. It became extremely popular in Southeast Aisan nations. – – -.
3. From http://www.animeigo.com/products/other/tora-san, “Japan’s most beloved loser visits America!”:
It talks about the lovable loser KurumaTorajiro, the 48-film Tora-san series (played by Atsumi Kiyoshi as Tora-san). The series holds the Guinnes World Record for the longest running film series (comedy) starring the same actor. – – –
4. From The Australian (20.6.12, Business, p. 21, by R. Gluyas), “Shifting power balance see Ghina, japan dig deep to save the West”:
Japan is the biggest fund contributor ($US 60 billion) to the IMF followed by Germany ($US 54.7 billion) and China ($US 43 billion). (The U.S. cannot be the high position due to its own problems and being a great donator to the Europe for the latter’s economic crisis.)
5. I mentioned about the JTB Jikoku-hyo in most of my classes. It is the think, comprehensive book (1152 pages) of the timetable of all trains (all bullet trains, express trains and ordinary trains of the Japanese National Railways, and many local trains of major cities etc).
I commented the book of the timetable of those trains, which are at every railway station in Japan must have been published, distributed and used likely for 4 or 5 decades and that Jikoku-hyo has been contributed “immeasurably” to the nation, society, every industry, people’s life and health, democratization, social cohesion, economy, technological development, education, efficiency of dissemination of information, relationships etc where its bullet trains have been running without accidents for past 45 years.
In the coming weeks, my classes will practice how to say what time some trains will depart Tokyo and arrive at other major stations, e.g. Osaka, Kyoto, Fukuoka, Nagano, Shin-aomori, in Japanese with use of the Jikoku-hyo and learn some Kanji used for the names of such major stations too, since many of the students have been to Japan or want to go to Japan for travel or work.
Japanese Teacher, Toshiko Jackson
4.7.12
How to Learn Your First Korean Faster
If you are a native speaker of English, you will be stressed to understand the basic Hangeul systems when you start your very first Korean lesson, since it is very different with English in terms of word order, rhythm and cultural issues (i.e. politeness).
However, you will then realize that Hangul, the Korean script, even initially may look like Chinese or Japanese, but it is much easier to learn since the characters are a combination of 24 letters and some variations, an alphabet, rather than a few thousand more or less random drawings.
There is no shortcut in any language learning since it is the universal process that you will get a better result if you try harder and dedicate more time. However, indeed, there are some smarter ways to learn Korean language. What are the key factors that facilitate your Korean learning?
1. Make some positive excuses.
Imagine if you can say hi to the pretty Korean classmate in Korean language in your tutorial class at uni or the hot waiter obba in the Korean BBQ restaurant in the city. Very exciting indeed.
2. Use raw materials
You think your Korean is so slowly improving but you don’t have any native Korean friends to help you?? In fact, your learning materials are everywhere in this 21st century. Are you watching Running man or Ultimate Challange every week? Or a big fan of Cnblue? You can make them as your private tutor. There are so many cultural contents on the web which you can use for your learning. There is no doubt that those reality programs will help you since they show you raw Korean talking within real Korean contexts.
3. Escape from your early-Korean- reading- stage as soon as possible
As you know, mastering Korean alphabet is not that tricky since they are phonetically scientific and a lot simpler than other languages. If you want to be an intermediate or above Korean learner, try to overcome your difficulties in terms of Korean learning. I am sure that you will see a lot brighter and exciting sides once your reading is completely mastered.
Fighting : ) !
Ashley (Korean Tutor)
Some stories about our Japanese Courses 9
Hi everyone,皆さん、おげんきですか。
My Japanese classes and lesson include the following features. We had activities of speaking, reading, listening, writing, (esp. in group lessons) making and performing dialogues or speech with use of the course book, “Genki 1”, its grammar and vocab. of the Unit taught and its Workbook. Some students (esp. in the class of Beginners 1) made and memorized for one’s long speech or dialogue and that was very impressive.
As for reading and increase of vocab., grammar and plain forms, I read (and asked students read partly) a children’s books written in Japanese. The books have many colorful, informative, natural and beautiful photos and useful phrases, plain forms and other vocab. One was a book of “mochitsuki” (rice cake making by pounding cooked rice and the practice is yearly and nationally seen and practiced as Japanese people’s family/community activity late in December, before the New Year’s arrival. The book has details of the activities and scientific analysis of rice that is used for “mochitsuki”, which differs from ordinary rice used for daily meals in Japan. Also I read a book on “shimarisu” (stripe squirrels in Japan) to classes.
In most of all classes except the Intermediate 1, I showed the videos of “Wakuwaku Hiragana”, vol, 1 and 2. They have great presentations while introducing stroke orders, vocab. things that the script can be related in shape, many words that the script is used for, lovely animations, music and humors. Very suitable for anyone to watch and improve in writing those letters and increase vocab.
I taught Japanese “rajio-taisoo” (NHK’s daily radio exercise program, its physical exercise, cassette tape) to classes. (I’d taught this in Japanese classes many times in the past and many students, both children and adults enjoyed that.) Japanese people are expert of consistency, in many ways. The NHK radio program must have been on every morning for over half of a century and practiced in all primary schools and many other places (including car manufacturers every morning as the corporate activity) throughout Japan. My students of SLS responded to the tape and exercise, so I will continue having that activity occasionally in future too.
The class of Intermediate 1 (and newly started Beginners 2) are using “Kanji-no Hon” (by K. Aitchson, 2001, MacMillan) for Kanji acquisition. New students of Beginners 2 expressed that they wish to start Kanji instead of waiting for that until they reach the Pre-Intermediate 1. So, the class will have Kanji learning occasionally.
Beginners 1 that finished recently and those students (plus new students) started Beginners 2 recently. Those who finished and had my exam (that included Listening Test) did greatly with very impressive performance/attitude. Many congratulations to them!
Regarding culture, society and nature of Japan in recent media news and other resources used, as before, I showed a dvd, “Pilot Guides – Tokyo” (Tokyo City Guide) presented by highly recognized British presenter, Ian Wright, to new classes or students.
In addition, I informed of the article “High and mighty small” by L. Slattery, Wish, The Australian (4.5.12). That is about 2 distinctive and creative architects of Japan. One, Shigeru Yoshiko is the architect/designer of the world’s tallest media tower, Tokyo Sky Tree and the master of making the tall building. The other is Koji Tsutsui. He is the master of the small. He designed InBetween House near to Tokyo and who was a guest speaker at the conference in Australian Inst. of Architects in Brisbane last month (p. 48). Together they represent two faces of Japanese architecture (p. 48). Fascinating people and works!
Also, I reported and showed many great news and pictures from Japan that are in a magazine Jenta (25.5). They include the following. Aoi Festival in Kyoto in which 500 participants wear the Heian period (794-1185) costumes of noble people with carts etc. And Honda’s new personal mobility device (kind of chair and vehicle) and car navigation displays information shown on windshield that is amazing/smart technology that can appear in a Hollywood movie!). The magazine also shows or describes the historical side of Japanese people’s favorite, “onsen” in depth and the pictures, a 73-year-old Ms Tamae Watanabe who conquered Mt. Everest as the world’s oldest female, and information of many gorgeous natural mountains, waterfall, the village of the Edo Period style in Nagano etc.
Japanese Teacher, Toshiko Jackson
4.6.12
Using the question word “where” in Indonesian
A lot of things in Indonesian are (arguably) much simpler than English. Many questions words that we have in English are simplified into 1 question word in Indonesian. However, Indonesian treat the question word “where” much differently.
There are 3 kinds of “where” in Indonesian language. First one is ke mana (to where), second one is dari mana (from where), and last one is di mana (at where). All of them must be used at the right time.
If you are talking about going to somewhere else, you will use ke mana. For example: Besok kamu mau pergi ke mana? (Where will you go tomorrow?)
If you are talking about coming from somewhere, you will use dari mana. For example: Kamu berasal dari mana? (Where do you come from?)
If you are talking about staying at a place, you will use di mana. For example: Kamu tinggal di mana? (Where do you live?)
To sum up, there are 3 kinds of “where” in Indonesian language. Use them correctly!
Claiming Possession in Indonesian Language
Before you start reading this, make sure that you have been introduced or have introduced yourself to the function of pronoun in Indonesian language. I will put it in a very simple way, when you have an Indonesian noun, you can add a pronoun right after that to claim the possession of that noun.
For example:
In Indonesian, teman means friend and Saya means I.
When you combine them together and put the pronoun right after the noun, it will become something like this –> teman saya.
Now, in Indonesian, pronoun will not change in order to express possession. Hence, teman saya will mean something like ‘my friend’.
Some people got around by thinking of it as ‘friend that belongs to me’. You can try to understand it in different ways and that’s not a problem.
The tricky part is when we are talking about more than just 1 level possession. How if you want to say my father’s friend?
It will become something like this –> Teman bapak saya
Again, you can think of it as “my father’s friend” or as far as “friend that belongs to the dad that belongs to me”.
This might be confusing at first, but try to experiment with different nouns and pronouns. I am sure you will get around quickly.
Oh, I almost forget! You should look search for the pronoun first and then works it out from right to the left.
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